In the International Handbook,
32 contributors from eight countries
discuss the theory, diagnosis,
treatment, and legal aspects
of Parental Alienation Syndrome:

Contact Us

PAS Bibliography A-C

PAS Bibliography H-K

PAS Bibliography L-O

PAS Bibliography P-T

PAS Bibliography V-Z

PAS Bibliography D-G

This Parental Alienation Syndrome bibliography took a great deal of time and effort to put together and contains the best scholarly material we could find on high-conflict custody disputes and Parental Alienation Syndrome.  We hope you find it helpful.


Darnell, D. (1998) Divorce Casualties: Protecting Your Children From Parental Alienation. Dallas: Taylor Publishing Co.

Dawes, R.M. (1989) Experience and Validity of Clinical Judgment: The Illusory Correlation. 7 Behavioral Sciences & the Law 4.

Dawes, R.M. (1997) House of Cards: Psychology and Psychotherapy Built on Myth. NY: Free Press.

Dawes, R.M., Faust, D. & Meehl, P.E. (1989) Clinical Versus Actuarial Judgment. 243 Science 4899.

Deacon, T. W. (1997) The Symbolic Species: The Co-Evolution Of Language and The Brain. NY: Norton.

Dennis, N. & Erdos, G.(1993) Families Without Fatherhood. London: IEA Health and Welfare Unit.

Dettenborn, H. (2001) Kindeswohl und Kindeswille: Psychologische und rechtliche Aspekte, München: Reinhardt, Ernst.

Deutsches Institut für medizinische Dokumentation und Information (DIMDI) (1994) ICD 10 – Internationale statistische Klassifikation der Krankheiten und verwandter Gesundheitsprobleme, 10th Revision, Bern: Huber

Dineen, T. (1996) Manufacturing Victims – What the Psychology Industry is Doing to People. Montreal: Robert Davies Publishing, 1996.

Doherty, W., Kouneski, E., & Erickson, M.(1997) Responsible Fathering: An Overview and Conceptual Framework. University of Minnesota Press.

Dollard, J., & Miller, N. E. (1950) Personality and Psychotherapy: An Analysis in Terms of Learning, Thinking, and Culture. NY: McGraw-Hill.

Dolto, F. (1996) Scheidung. Wie ein Kind sie Erlebt. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.

Donaldson-Pressman, S. & Pressman, R. (1994) The Narcissistic Family: Diagnosis and Treatment. NY: Lexington.

Doolittle, D. B., & Deutsch, R. (1999) Children and High Conflict Divorce: Theory, Research, and Intervention. In: R.M. Galatzer-Levy & L. Kraus (Eds), The Scientific Basis of Child Custody Decisions. NY, NY: Wiley pp. 425-440.

Dulz, B. and Schneider, A. (1999 Borderline-Störungen, Theorie und Therapie, 2. Auflage, Stuttgart: Schattauer.

Duncan, J.W. (1978) Medical, Psychological, and Legal Aspects of the Child Custody Disputes. 53 Mayo Clinic Proceedings 7.

Dunne, J. & Hedrick, M. (1994) The Parental Alienation Syndrome: An Analysis of Sixteen Selected Cases.

Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993) The Psychology of Attitudes. NY: Hartcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.

Eastman, A. M., & Moran, T. J. (1991) Multiple Perspectives: Factors Related to Differential Diagnosis of Sex Abuse and Divorce Trauma in Children Under Six. 15 Child and Youth Services Review 2.

Eckhardt-Henn, A.(2000) Artifizielle Störungen und Münchhausen-Syndrom. In: Kernberg, O. F., Dulz, B., and Sachsse, U. (Eds.), Handbuch der Borderline-Störungen. Stuttgart: Schattauer, pp. 331 – 345.

Ehrenberg, M.E., Hunter, M.A., & Hunterman, M.E. (1996) Shared Parenting Agreements After Marital Separation: The Roles of Empathy and Narcissism. 62 Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 4.

Ellis, E.M. (2000), Divorce Wars Washington, D.C.:American Psychological Assoc.

Ellis, E.MN. (2000), Parental Alienation Syndrome: A New Challenge For Family Courts. In E.M. Ellis (Ed.), Divorce Wars: Interventions With Families in Conflict (pp.205-234). Washington D.C.: APA Books.

Everett, C.A. (2006) Family Therapy for Parental Alienation Syndrome: Understanding the Interlocking Pathologies. In: R. Gardner, R. Sauber, & D. Lorandos (Eds) The International Handbook of Parental Alienation Syndrome: Conceptual, Clinical and Legal Considerations. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Ltd.

Evergreen Consultants in Human Behavior (1997) What Is Attachment Disorder? Colorado: Axces.

Everson, M. (1997) Understanding Bizarre, Improbable, and Fantastic Elements in Children’s Accounts of Abuse. 5 Child Maltreatment 2.

Eysenck, M.W. et al. (1991) Bias in Interpretation Of Ambiguous Sentences Related To Threat In Anxiety. 100 Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2.

F. Turner (1988) Child Psychopathology: A Social Work Perspective. NY: The Free Press.

Fajans, S. (1933) Erfolg, Ausdauer und Aktivität beim Säugling und Kleinkind. (Success, Perseverance and Activity Among Babies and Young Children.) 17 Psychologische Forschung pp. 268-305.

Fegert, J. M. (2001) Parental Alienation oder Parental Accusation Syndrome? (Teil 1) Die Frage der Suggestibilität, Beeinflussung und Induktion in Umgangsrechtsgutachten. (Parental Alienation or Parental Accusation Syndrome? (Part 1) The Question of Suggestibility, Influence and Induction in Legal Evaluations on Visitation) Kind-Prax, 1, pp. 3-7.

Fegert, J. M. (2001) Parental Alienation oder Parental Accusation Syndrome? (Teil 2) Die Frage der Suggestibilität, Beeinflussung und Induktion in Umgangsrechtsgutachten. (Parental Alienation or Parental Accusation Syndrome? (Part 2) The Question of Suggestibility, Influence and Induction in Legal Evaluations on Visitation) Kind-Prax, 2, pp. 39-42.

Figdor, H., (1997), ‘...und hab nicht mehr gewußt, wer ich eigentlich bin’. Die psychischen Folgen des Trennungstraumas am Beispiel des Scheidungskindes. In: Familie und Recht, Februar: 60-67.

Finkelstein, C. (2003) The Heart of an Abducted and Alienated Child/ Sarah or Cecilie – The Identity Issue. In: von Boch-Galhau, W., Kodjoe, U., Andritzky, W., & Koeppel, P. (Eds.) Das Parental Alienation Syndrom – Eine interdisziplinäre Herausforderung für scheidungsbegleitende Berufe (The Parental Alienation Syndrome [PAS] – An Interdisciplinary Challenge for Professionals Involved in Divorce) Berlin: Wissenschaft und Bildung (VWB), pp. 175-185.

Fischer, G., and Riedesser, P. (1998) Lehrbuch der Psychotraumatologie, München, Basel: Ernst Reinhardt

Fischer, W. (1998). Das Parent5al Alienation Syndrome(PAS) und die Interessevenertretung des Kindes –Ein Interventionsmodell fur Jugendhilfe und Gericht –Teil 2, Nachrichten Dienst-des Deutschsen Veriens fur offentliche und private Fursorge, Heft 11/98, pages 343-348.

Fischer, W. (1998). Das Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) und die Interessenvertretung des Kindes-Ein Interventionsmodell fur Jugendhilfe und Gericht – Teil 1, Nachrichten Dienst- des Deutschesen Veriens fur offentliche und private Fursorge, Heft 10/98, pages 306-309.

Fischer, W. (2001), Funktion des Verhfahrenspflegers bei Umgamgsstreitigkeiten (sozial padagogischer und mediatorischer Aspekt). In: Eltern sagen ihr Kind Entzwei: Trennungserfahrunggen und Entfremdung von einem Elternteil. Ed. S. Bauerle and H. Moll-Strobel, Donauworth, Germany: Auer Verlag. Pp. 79-75.

Fisher, R. P., & Geiselman, R. E. (1992) Memory-enhancing Techniques for Investigative Interviewing: The Cognitive Interview. Springfield, IL: Thomas.

Fiske, S. T. & Taylor, S. E. (1991) Social Cognition (2nd ed.) NY: McGraw-Hill.

Folberg, J. (1991) Joint Custody and Shared Parenting. NY: Guilford Press.

Folberg, J., Milne, A. (1988) Divorce Mediation. NY: Guilford Press.

Fonagy, P. (1999) Achieving Evidence-Based Psychotherapy Practice: A Psychodynamic Perspective on the General Acceptance of Treatment Manuals. 6 Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 4.

Franz, M, Lieberz, K., Schmitz, N., and Schepank, H. (1999) Wenn der Vater fehlt. Epidemiologische Befunde zur Bedeutung früher Abwesenheit des Vaters für die psychische Gesundheit im späteren Leben. Zsch. Psychosom. Med. 45, 260 – 278

Franz, M., Häfner, S., Lieberz, K., Reister, G., and Tress, W. (2000) Der Spontanverlauf psychogener Beeinträchtigung in einer Bevölkerungsstichprobe über 11 Jahre. 45 Psychotherapeut, 99 – 107.

Frey, D. & Gaska, A. (1993) Theorie der kognitiven Dissonanz. (The theory of Cognitive Dissonance) In: D. Frey and M. Irle (Hrsg.), Theorien der Sozialpsychologie. Bd. 1: Kognitive Theorien Bern: Huber, p. 275ff.

Friedrich, W. N. (2001) Psychological Assessment of Sexually Abused Children and Their Families. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Friedrich, W.N. et al (2001) Child Sexual Behavior Inventory: Normative, Psychiatric and Sexual Abuse Comparisons. 6 Child Maltreatment 1.

Fthenakis. W. (1995) Kindliche Reaktionen auf Trennung und Scheidung. 20 Familiendynamik, pp. 127-154.

Gagnon, S. & Bingham, T. (1998) Parental Alienation: How to Deal With it in Your Family Law Case. State Bar of Texas, Family Law Section.

Galatzer-Levy, R. M., & Kraus, L. (Eds.) (1999) The Scientific Basis of Child Custody Decisions. NY: Wiley.

Garb H.N. (1989) Clinical Judgment, Clinical Training, and Professional Experience. 105 Psychological Bulletin 3

Garb, H. (1998) Studying the Clinician: Judgment Research and Psychological Assessment. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association Press.

Garber, B.D. (1996), Alternatives to Parental Alienation Syndrome: Acknowledging the Broader Scope of Children’s Emotional Difficulties During Parental Separation and Divorce. New Hampshire Bar Journal, March 1996:51-54.

Gardner (1992) The Parental Alienation Syndrome, First Edition. Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics, Inc

Gardner, R. (1985) Recent Trends in Divorce and Custody Litigation. 29 Academy Forum 2.

Gardner, R. (1986) Child Custody Litigation. Creskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics.

Gardner, R. (1986) Family Evaluation and Child Custody Mediation, Arbitration, and Litigation. Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics.

Gardner, R. (1987) The Parental Alienation Syndrome and the Differentiation Between Fabricated and Genuine Child Sex Abuse. Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics.

Gardner, R. (1991) Sex Abuse Hysteria. Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics.

Gardner, R. (1994) The Detrimental Effects On Women Of The Gender Egalitarism Of Child-Custody Dispute Resolution Guidelines. 38 Academy Forum 1-2.

Gardner, R. (1998) The Parental Alienation Syndrome: A Guide for Mental Health and Legal Professionals (2nd ed) Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics.

Gardner, R. (1998) Recommendations for Dealing With Parents Who Induce a Parental Alienation Syndrome In Their Children. 28 Journal Of Divorce And Remarriage 3/4.

Gardner, R. (1998) The Parental Alienation Syndrome: What Is It and What Data Support It? 3 Child Maltreatment: Journal Of The American Professional Society On The Abuse Of Children 4.

Gardner, R.A.(1999), Guidelines for Assessing Parental Preference in Child-Custody Disputes. 30 Journal of Divorce & Remarriage ½.

Gardner, R. (1999) Family Therapy of the Moderate Type of Parental Alienation Syndrome. 27 American Journal Of Family Therapy 3.

Gardner, R. (1999) Differentiating Between Parental Alienation Syndrome And Bona Fide Abuse-Neglect. 27 American Journal Of Family Therapy 2.

Gardner, R. (2002) Parental Alienation Syndrome vs. Parental Alienation: Which Diagnosis Should Evaluators Use in Child-Custody Cases? 30 The American Journal Of Family Therapy 2.

Gardner, R. (2003) The Parental Alienation Syndrome, Past, Present, and Future. In the Parental Alienation Syndrome: An Interdisciplinary Challenge for Professionals Involved in Divorce, p. 89-125.

Gardner, R. (2002) Denial of Parental Alienation Syndrome Also Harms Women. 30 American Journal of Forensic Psychology 3.

Gardner, R.A. (2003), How Denying and Discrediting the Parental Alienation Syndrome Harms Women.

Gardner R.A. (2004), The Relationship Between the Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) and the False Memory Syndrome (FMS), American Journal of Family Therapy, 32, 79-99.

Gardner, R.A. (2004), The Three Levels of Parental Alienation Syndrome Alienators, American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 25, 41.

Gardner, R.A. (1970) The Boys and Girls Book About Divorce. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson Inc.

Gardner, R.A. (1976), Psychotherapy with Children of Divorce. NY: Jason Aronson, Inc.

Gardner, R.A. (1976) The Parents’ Book About Divorce. New-York: Bantam Books.

Gardner, R.A. (1977) Children’s Guilt Reactions to Parental Death: Psychodynamics and Therapeutic Management. 4 Hiroshima Journal of Psychology 45-57.

Gardner, R.A. (1982) The Boys and Girls Book About Step-Families. NY: Bantam Books.

Gardner, R.A. (1982) Family Evaluation in Child Custody Litigation. Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics, Inc.

Gardner, R.A. (1985) Recent Trends in Divorce and Litigation. 29 Academy Forum 2.

Gardner, R.A. (1985), Separation Anxiety Disorder: Psychodynamics and Psychotherapy. Cresol, New Jersey: Creative Therapeutics, Inc.

Gardner, R.A (1987) Child Custody. In: Noshpitz (Ed) Basic Handbook of Child Psychiatry (Vol. 5). Basic Books, N.Y. pp. 637-646.

Gardner, R.A. (1987) Judges Interviewing Children in Custody/Visitation Litigation. 7 New Jersey Family Lawyer 2.

Gardner, R. A. (1989) Family Evaluation in Child Custody Mediation, Arbitration, and Litigation. Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics, Inc.

Gardner, R. A. (1989) Differentiating Between Bona Fide and Fabricated Sex Abuse Allegations in Children. 5 Journal of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers 1-25.

Gardner, R. A. (1991) Legal and Psychotherapeutic Approaches to the Three Types of Parental Alienation Syndrome Families: When Psychiatry and The Law Join Forces. 28 Court Review 1.

Gardner R. A. (1992) The Parental Alienation Syndrome: A Guide for Mental Health and Legal Professionals. Cresskill, New Jersey: Creative Therapeutics, Inc

Gardner, R. A. (1992) True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse. Cresskill, N. J: Creative Therapeutics, Inc

Gardner, R.A. (1993), Child Sex Abuse and Hysteria: 1890s (Austria)/1990s (U.S.) 81 The Bulletin of the American Society of Psychoanalytic Physicians 2.

Gardner, R. A. (1994) You’re Not a Paranoid Schizophrenic--You Only Have Multiple Personality Disorder. 38 The Academy Forum 3.

Gardner, R. A. (1995) You’re Not a Paranoid Schizophrenic--You Only Have Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). 39 The Academy Forum 1.

Gardner, R. A. (1995) Protocols for the Sex-Abuse Evaluation. Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics.

Gardner, R. A. (1996), Psychotherapy with Children of Divorce. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, Inc.

Gardner, R. A. (1996) Psychotherapy with Sex-Abuse Victims: True, False, and Hysterical. Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics, Inc

Gardner, R. A. (1998) Recommendations for Dealing With Parents Who Induce a Parental Alienation Syndrome in Their Children. 8 Journal of Divorce & Remarriage 3.

Gardner, R.A. (1997) The Embedment-In-The-Brain-Circuitry Phenomenon: Implications for Psychoanalytic Treatment. 25 Journal of The American Academy of Psychoanalysis 1.

Gardner, R. A. (1998), Rebuttal to K. Faller’s Article. 3 Child Maltreatment 4.

Gardner. R.A. (1998) The Burgess Decision and the Wallerstein Brief. 26 Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law 3.

Gardner, R. A. (1999) Family Therapy of the Moderate Type of Parental Alienation Syndrome. 27 The American Journal of Family 3.

Gardner, R. A. (2001) Therapeutic Interventions for Children with Parental Alienation Syndrome. Cresskill, New Jersey: Creative Therapeutics, Inc.

Gardner, R. A. (2001), Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS): Sixteen Years Later. 45 The Academy Forum 10-12.

Gardner, R. A. (2001) Should Courts Order PAS Children to Visit/Reside With the Alienated Parent? A Follow-Up Study. 19 American Journal of Forensic Psychology 3.

Gardner, R. A. (2001) The Normal-Sexual-Fantasy Consideration in Sex-Abuse Evaluations. 29 American Journal of Family Therapy 2.

Gardner, R.A. (2001) The Recent Shift in PAS Indoctrinators. 19 News for Women in Psychiatry 4.

Gardner, R. A. (2002) The Empowerment of Children in the Development of Parental Alienation Syndrome. 20 American Journal of Forensic Psychology 2.

Gardner, R. A. (2002) Parental Alienation Syndrome vs. Parental Alienation: Which Diagnosis Should Be Used in Child Custody Litigation? 30 The American Journal of Family Therapy 2.

Gardner, R. A. (2002) Sex Abuse Trauma? Or Trauma from Other Sources? Cresskill, NJ : Creative Therapeutics, Inc.

Gardner, R. A. (2002) Das elterliche Entfremdungssyndrom, Anregungen für gerichtliche Sorge- und Umgangsregelungen, Berlin, Wissenschaft und Bildung (VWB)

Gardner, R. A. (2002) Denial of the Parental Alienation Syndrome Also Harms Women. 30 The American Journal of Family Therapy 3.

Gardner, R. A. (2003) Does DSM-IV Have Equivalents for the Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) Diagnosis? 31 The American Journal of Family Therapy 1.

Gardner, R. A. (2003) The Judiciary’s Role in the Etiology, Symptom Development, And Treatment of the Parent Alienation Syndrome. 21 The American Journal of Family Therapy 1.

Gardner, R.A. (2004), Commentary on Kelly and Johnston’s “The Alienated Child:A Reformulation of Parental Alienation Syndrome.” Family Court Review, 42, 622-628.

Gardner, R.A. (2006) Introduction. In: R. Gardner, R. Sauber, & D. Lorandos (Eds) The International Handbook of Parental Alienation Syndrome: Conceptual, Clinical and Legal Considerations. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Ltd.

Gardner, R.A. (2006) Parental Alienation Syndrome and the Corruptive Power of Anger. In: R. Gardner, R. Sauber, & D. Lorandos (Eds) The International Handbook of Parental Alienation Syndrome: Conceptual, Clinical and Legal Considerations. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Ltd.

Gardner, R.A. (2006) Predictions on the Fate of PAS Children: What Hath Alienators Wrought. In: R. Gardner, R. Sauber, & D. Lorandos (Eds) The International Handbook of Parental Alienation Syndrome: Conceptual, Clinical and Legal Considerations. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Ltd.

Garrity, C. B., & Baris, M. A. (1994) Caught in the Middle: Protecting the Children of High-Conflict Divorce. NY: Lexington Books.

Geffner, R. (1992) Guidelines for Using Mediation With Abusive Couples.10 Psychotherapy in Private Practice 1/2.

Gehrke, S. & Kirschenbaum, M. (1967) Survival Patterns in Family Conjoint Therapy. 6 Family Process 1.

Giannini, A. J. (2001) Use of Fiction in Therapy. 18 Psychiatric Times 7.

Goldberg, L. (2003) A Psychoanalytic Look at Recovered Memories, Therapists, Cult Leaders, and Undue Influence. 2 Cultic Studies Journal 3.

Goldstein, A., Freud, A. & Solnit, A. (1973) Beyond the Best Interests of the Child. NY: Free Press

Goldwater, A. (1991). Le Syndrome D’Alienation Parentale (in English). In Developpements recents en drought familial (pp. 121-145). Cowansville, Quebec: Les Editions Yvon Blais.

Goldzband, M. G. (1988) Custody Cases and Expert Witnesses: A Manual for Attorneys. Clifton, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Gordon, R. M. (1998) The Medea Complex and the Parental Alienation Syndrome: When Mothers Damage Their Daughters’ Ability to Love a Man. In: G. Fenchel (Ed.) The Mother-daughter Relationship: Echoes Through Time. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, Inc., pp. 207-225.

Gottlieb, D. (2000) The Concept of Time as a Factor in Decision Making Regarding Children: Implications for the Psycho-Legal System. In: S. Ben Natan (Ed.) Borrowed Time. Tel Aviv: Prague Press

Gottlieb, D. (2006) Parental Alienation Syndrome – An Israeli Perspective: Refections and Recommendations. In: R. Gardner, R. Sauber, & D. Lorandos (Eds) The International Handbook of Parental Alienation Syndrome: Conceptual, Clinical and Legal Considerations. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Ltd.

Gould, J. W. (1998) Conducting Scientifically Crafted Child Custody Evaluations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Gould, J.W., Kirkpatrick, H. D., Austin, W.G. & Martindale, D.A. (2004) Critiquing a Colleague’s Forensic Advisory Report: A Suggested Protocol for Application to Child Custody Evaluations. 1 Journal of Child Custody 3.

Grady, A. (1997) Genuine Victimisation Theory: Acknowledging the Male Domestic Violence Victim. 18 Holdsworth Law Review 2.

Grady, A. (2002) Female-on-Male Domestic Abuse: Uncommon or Ignored? In: R. Young & C. Hoyle (Eds) New Visions of Crime Victims. Oxford: Hart Publishing

Graham, J.R. (1993) MMPI-2: Assessing Personality and Psychopathology. NY: Oxford University Press.

Green, A. (1986) True and False Allegations of Sexual Abuse in Child Custody Disputes. 25 Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 4.

Greenberg, J. R. & Mitchell, S. A. (1983) Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Greenberg, M.T., Cicchetti, D. & Cummings, E.M. (Eds) Attachment in the Preschool Years. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, pp. 273-310.

Greenspan, S. (1990) The Development of the Ego. Madison, CT: International Universities Press, Inc.,

Grinker, R.R., Werble, B. & Dyre, R.C. (1968) The Borderline Syndrome. N.Y.: Basic Books.

Grove, W. M. & Barden, R.C. (2000) Protecting the Integrity of the Legal System : The Admissibility of Testimony from Mental Health Experts Under Daubert/Kumho Analyses. 5 Psychology, Public Policy and Law 1.

Grove, W., Barden, R. C., Garb, H. & Lilienfeld, S. (2002) Failure of Rorschach-Comprehensive-System-Based Testimony to Be Admissible Under the Daubert-Joiner-Kumho Standard. 8 Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 2.